Notes on Rhetoric

Arrangement

• Arrangement is the organization of a piece
• The writer wants to organize the text in the best possible way in order to achieve its purpose.

The Classical Model

Introduction

• The introduction or exordium(beginning a web) introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.
• Ethos will usually be established in the introduction by the writer.

Narration

• the narration(narratio) gives the reader information on the subject
• This is where the developmental paragraph begin or tells the subject is a problem that needs fixing.
• Narration also appeals to Pathos because the writer attempts to evoke an emotional response about the importance of the issue being discussed.

Confirmation

• this is usually the major part of the text that explains the proof needed to make the writers case.

Refutation

• refutation addresses the counterargument, it is a bridge between the writers proof and conclusion.
• If the opposing views are valued by the audience a writer will address them before the present their own argument.
• This appeals to logos.

Conclusion

• The conclusion ends the whole essay.
• The conclusion brings all the writers thoughts and ideas together and answers the question, so what?
• The last words and ideas of a text are usually the ones the audience will remember

Patterns of Development- another way to consider arrangement is according to purpose

Narration

• narration refers t tellin a story or recounting a series of events.
• narration is crafting a story that supports your thesis.
• often, writers use narration as a way to enter into their topics

Description

• Description is similar to narration because both include many specific deatails.
• Description emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels.
• By asking readers to see what you see and feel what you feel, you make it easy for them to emphasize with you.

Process Analysis

• Process analysis explains how something works, how to do something, or how something was done.
• The key to successful process analysis is clarity: it's important to explain a subject clearly and logically

Exemplification

• Providing a series of examples turns a general idea into a concrete one,
• Aristotle taught that examples are a type of logical proof called induction

Comparison and Contrast

• Its a common pattern of development, juxtaposing two things to highlight their similarities and differences
• Writers use this concept to analyze information carefully, which often reveal insights into the information being analyzed

Classification and Division

• It's important for readers to be able to sort material or ideas into major divisions
• Writers and readers can make connections between things that may otherwise seem unrelated
• A writer's task is to develop his or her own categories

Definition

• Defining a term is the first step in a debate or disagreement
• In some cases defintion is a paragraph to clarify terms
• Inother cases the purpose of the essay is to establish a defintion

Cause and Effect

• Analyzing the causes that lead to a certain effect or, conversely, the effects that result from a cause is a powerful foundation for argument.